Maximizing the Peak Lift-To-Drag Coefficient Ratio of Airfoils by Optimizing the Ratio of Thickness to The Camber of Airfoils

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Mechanical & Marine Engineering, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran

2 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Germi, Iran

3 Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics, and AeroServoElasticity LARCASE, ÉTS-École de Technologie Supérieure, Université de Québec, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada

4 School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC-3000, Australia

Abstract

The paper investigates the lift-to-drag coefficient ratio (CL/CD) efficiency of three airfoils, namely E387, RG15, and SD6060. The objective is to optimize the airfoils for maximum CL/CD efficiency and evaluate them using XFOIL software. The study focuses on these airfoils' performance at different Reynolds numbers (Re) from 500,000 to 1,000,000, with varying thickness-to-camber ratio percentages (t/c%). The results indicate that the E387-Opt airfoil improved the maximum CL/CD by 18.92% at Re 500,000, 23.77% at Re 600,000, 27.14% at Re 700,000, 32.44% at Re 800,000, 32.93% at Re 900,000, and 38.46% at Re 1,000,000. The RG15-Opt airfoil also demonstrated impressive performance, with a maximum CL/CD increase of 34.38% at Re 500,000, 36.75% at Re 600,000, 38.54% at Re 700,000, 41.58% at Re 800,000, 45.57% at Re 900,000, and 51.30% at Re 1,000,000. Finally, the SD6060-Opt airfoil showed even better results, with a maximum CL/CD increase of 37.07% at Re 500,000, 38.16% at Re 600,000, 42.44% at Re 700,000, 48.99% at Re 800,000, 53.10% at Re 900,000, and 56.91% at Re 1,000,000.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Anastasiia, N., 2022. DESIGN OF AN AIRFOIL BY MATHEMATICAL MODELLING USING DATABASE. Journal of Airline Operations and Aviation Management 1, 19-26.
Bhavsar, H., Roy, S. &Niyas, H., 2023. Multi-element airfoil configuration for HAWT: A novel slot design for improved aerodynamic performance. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72, 386-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.110
Chen, D., Xu, R., Yuan, Z., Pan, G. & Marzocca, P., 2023. The effect of vortex induced vibrating cylinders on airfoil aerodynamics. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 115, 868-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2022.12.001
Drela, M., 1989. XFOIL: An analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils. In Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics: Proceedings of the Conference Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, 5–7 June. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84010-4_1
Drela, M. & Youngren, H., 2001. XFOIL 6.94 User Guide, MIT Aero & Astro.
Flynn, Z. & Goza, A., 2023. Flow physics of a passive flap on a dynamically pitched airfoil. In AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum (p. 1791). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1791
Islam M., 2008. Analysis of fixed-pitch straight-bladed VAWT with asymmetric airfoils.
Jaffar, H., Al-Sadawi, L., Khudhair, A. & Biedermann, T., 2023. Aerodynamics improvement of DU97-W-300 wind turbine flat-back airfoil using slot-induced air jet. International Journal of Thermofluids, 17, 100267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100267
Kasmaiee, S., Tadjfar, M. & Kasmaiee, S., 2023. Optimization of Blowing Jet Performance on Wind Turbine Airfoil Under Dynamic Stall Conditions Using Active Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07892-9
Lei, J., Zhang, J. & Niu, J., 2020. Effect of active oscillation of local surface on the performance of low Reynolds number airfoil. Aerospace Science and Technology, 99, 105774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105774
Leloudas, S.N., Eskantar, A.I., Lygidakis, G.N. & Nikolos, I.K., 2020. Low Reynolds airfoil family for small horizontal axis wind turbines based on RG15 airfoil. SN Applied Sciences, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2161-1
Manwell, F., Jon, G., Gowan, M. & Rogers, A., 2010. Wind energy explained: theory, design and application, John Wiley & Sons.
Mohamed, O.S., Ibrahim, A.A., Etman, A.K., Abdelfatah, A.A. & Elbaz, A.M., 2020. Numerical investigation of Darrieus wind turbine with slotted airfoil blades. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 5, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2019.100026
Morgado, J., Vizinho, R., Silvestre, M.A.R. & Páscoa, J.C., 2016. XFOIL vs CFD performance predictions for high lift low Reynolds number airfoils. Aerosp Sci Technol, 52, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.02.031
Nichols, R. & Buning, P., 2021. User’s Manual for OVERFLOW 2.3, NASA Langley Research Center. February.
Özden, M., Genç, M.S. & Koca, K., 2023. Passive Flow Control Application Using Single and Double Vortex Generator on S809 Wind Turbine Airfoil. Energies, 16(14), 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145339
Ramanujam, G., Özdemir, H. & Hoeijmakers, H.W.M., 2016. Improving airfoil drag prediction. Journal of Aircraft, 53, 1844-1852. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C033788
Seifi, H., Kouravand, S. & Seifi Davary, M., 2023. Numerical and experimental study of NACA airfoil in low Reynolds numbers for use of Darriues vertical axis micro-wind turbine. Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 10(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.52547/JRENEW.10.2.149
Seifi, H., Kouravand, S., Davary, M.S. & Mohammadzadeh, S., 2023. Numerical and Experimental study of the effect of increasing aspect ratio of self-starting force to vertical axis wind turbine. Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 10(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.52547/JRENEW.10.1.1
Seifi Davari, H., Kouravand, S., Seify Davari, M. & Kamalnejad, Z., 2023. Numerical investigation and aerodynamic simulation of Darrieus H-rotor wind turbine at low Reynolds numbers, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 45(3), 6813-6833. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2023.2213670
Shi, X., Xu, S., Ding, L. & Huang, D., 2019. Passive flow control of a stalled airfoil using an oscillating micro-cylinder. Computers & Fluids, 178, 152-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2018.08.012
Tirandaz, M.R. & Rezaeiha, A., 2021. Effect of airfoil shape on power performance of vertical axis wind turbines in dynamic stall: Symmetric Airfoils. Renewable Energy, 173, 422-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.142
Uddin, S.N., Haque, M.R., Haque, M.M., Alam, M.F. & Hamja, A., 2023, Numerical Investigation of the Enhancement of the Aerodynamic Performance for Newly Modified Blended Airfoils Utilizing S809, S829, and NACA 2412 Baseline Shapes. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08180-2
Wani, I.N., Bhaskar, B., Raghuwanshi, S.S., Kushwah, N., Agrawal, Y., Kumar, A., Pandey, A. Ayachit, B., 2023, Design & analysis of NACA 0012 airfoil with circular dent of 30 mm depth on upper surface. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.013
Wu, L., Liu, X., Liu, Y. & Xi, G., 2022. Using the combined flow control accessory to the aerodynamic performance enhancement of bio-inspired seagull airfoils. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0079060
Ye, X., Hu, J., Zheng, N. & Li, C., 2023. Numerical study on aerodynamic performance and noise of wind turbine airfoils with serrated gurney flap. Energy, 262, 125574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125574    
Zhang, Y.N., Cao, H.J. & Zhang, M.M., 2021. Investigation of leading-edge protuberances for the performance improvement of thick wind turbine airfoil1. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 217, 104736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104736
Sustainable Earth Trends
Volume 3, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
October 2023
Pages 46-61

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics