Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Development and Application of a Decision Support System for Flood Production and Control Using Hydrological Flow and Reservoir Simulation Models11910595010.48308/set.2025.240536.1137ENFarhadLajmowrakDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranFarshadAhmadiDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0001-7387-0224FeridonRadmaneshDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20250712This study employs HEC-HMS and HEC-RESSIM software to simulate flood events and optimize reservoir operations in the Dez River watershed, Iran. The HEC-HMS model was calibrated using 21 historical flood events, with key parameters—including rainfall losses, unit hydrograph methods, and flood routing (using the Muskingum method)—adjusted to minimize error between observed and simulated discharge. Results reveal significant variations in hydrological response across sub-basins: Dorood and Dorood 3 exhibit slow runoff due to large drainage areas (3449 km² and 2655 km²) and low infiltration rates (0.91–1.1 mm/hr), while Tang Panj basins show rapid response (lag times of 2.0–2.5 hr) and high infiltration (2.19–4.4 mm/hr), likely due to steep terrain and permeable soils. For reservoir management, HEC-RESSIM was used to simulate Dez Dam operations under current and elevated water level scenarios (352–362 masl), prioritizing downstream demands (irrigation, municipal supply, and ecological flows). Seasonal allocation patterns were identified, with peak diversions in June–July (320–324 MCM) for agriculture and minimal releases in winter (87–96 MCM). Raising the dam height by +8m (360 masl) optimally balanced flood control (22–25% storage increase) and drought resilience, though +10m required costly infrastructure upgrades. The study underscores the trade-offs between storage capacity, operational flexibility, and environmental needs, providing a framework for adaptive water resource management in semi-arid regions.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_105950_1e3e72ead2fe65c70ebeb0b5905654fb.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Spatial Assessment of Soil Erosion Using the RUSLE Model and Remote Sensing Data Processed in Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of the Birjand Plain203410606210.48308/set.2025.240705.1139ENAmirKhazaeiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0009-0003-1689-1207FatemehSahragardDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranElhamYousefiDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-5396-6402Journal Article20250717Soil erosion is a major environmental challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, threatening agricultural productivity, water resources, and ecological stability. This study quantified and spatially analyzed soil erosion in the Birjand Plain, eastern Iran, by integrating the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model with satellite-derived data using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform. Key erosion factors—including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover management (C), and support practices (P)—were extracted from multi-source remote sensing datasets. The results revealed considerable spatial variability in erosion intensity across the plain. Approximately 67.3% of the area experiences very low soil loss rates (0–10 tons/ha/year), while 22.9% is categorized as low erosion (10–20 tons/ha/year). Moderate (20–40 t/ha/year), high (40–60 t/ha/year), and very high (>60 t/ha/year) erosion zones constitute 7.5%, 2.0%, and 0.2% of the area, respectively. These high-risk zones are often associated with steep terrain, sparse vegetation, and poor land management. The use of GEE facilitated fast, large-scale erosion modeling with high spatial resolution and minimal reliance on ground data. This approach proves to be scalable, cost-efficient, and reproducible, particularly for data-scarce regions. The findings provide valuable insights for land managers and policymakers aiming to prioritize soil conservation efforts and develop sustainable land-use strategies. This research underscores the potential of integrating remote sensing and cloud-based tools with empirical models to enhance environmental monitoring and resilience in erosion-prone landscapes.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106062_278a57371ed9682e41f22b4b50f7328b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Drought Stress Simulation via Mannitol: Effects on Germination of Super Strain-B F1 Tomato Seeds354310606710.48308/set.2025.240964.1150ENRezaAbolghasemiDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran0000-0002-5781-043XRezaSaeediDepartment of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20250804Drought stress is regarded as the primary limiting factor for different crops within agricultural systems located in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus, choosing suitable plant seeds and assessing their growth under drought stress serves as an effective approach to manage these conditions and yield optimal crops. The tomato plant is an essential annual crop that is adversely affected by drought stress, and its germination stage is notably susceptible. The selection of commercial tomato seeds for economic production is crucial. In this regard, this research focused on analyzing the germination parameters influenced by low water potential induced by mannitol, which simulates drought stress, and the growth of the tomato seed Super Strain-B (F1). This research was conducted at room temperature, where seed germination occurred in Petri dishes with varying concentrations of the osmoticum (0, -3, -6, -9, and -12 bars of drought induced by mannitol). Our findings indicate that drought stress by mannitol significantly decreased germination. The findings indicated that in treatments with -9 and -12 bar potential, the germination parameters of seeds, like germination percentage and rate, mean daily germination, hypocotyl and epicotyl length, and fresh and dry weight of epicotyl and hypocotyl, were significantly lower, with some treatments showing zero amount in comparison to others. In contrast, the control treatment exhibited faster germination parameters, so that complete seed germination occurred by the ninth day. The findings of this study have important implications for helping tomato production and sustainable land management, especially in regions with limited water resources.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106067_1d1cf7f4f6cef72c47febcb44d341aac.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Strategic Governance and Financial Solutions for Ensuring Safe Drinking Water Access445410610810.48308/set.2025.240729.1142ENMohammad RezaKhalatbariDepartment of Business Management, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Qeshm, Iran. & Director of Rafsanjan Agro-Industrial Complex0009-0008-4687-1617Journal Article20250718The research highlights the necessity of innovative governance and strategic management to ensure sustainable drinking water infrastructure, crucial for public health and economic growth amid climate change, which is a critical component of the sustainable earth trend. In this study, VOSviewer software was used for bibliometric analysis and visualization of conceptual relationships to examine the conceptual structure and research trends in areas related to strategic management of smart financial markets aimed at providing safe drinking water. The period for the studies being examined was chosen to span from 2020 to 2025. This search yielded 335 documents, and after filtering, 199 documents were analyzed, which included 87 research papers, 63 review papers, and 49 books. Four primary scientific outputs from the software were utilized for data analysis. Climate change, urbanization, and geopolitical dynamics have made access to water resources more complex. Investing in drinking water infrastructure not only helps improve public health and reduce healthcare costs, but also leads to economic growth. Transparent and equitable governance of water can help strengthen social cohesion and reduce international tensions. The use of smart financial markets and blended finance can help improve access to safe and sustainable drinking water. Especially in rural and remote areas, these approaches can help reduce inequalities and increase resilience to climate change. Finally, investment in technology, education and infrastructure development will be key elements for success in providing safe and sustainable earth trend.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106108_19aef6dcabc339c00d45ce9fc7ddb4f5.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Morphological Assessment and Management Interpretation of The Kal-E Shur Sabzevar Using the Rasgen Classification Method556910612110.48308/set.2025.239840.1120ENMahnazNaemitabarDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran0000-0002-0474-2592MohammadaliZangeneh AsadiDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranLeilaGoli MokhtariDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, IranRahmanZandiDepartment of Natural Geography, Faculty of Remote Sensing and GIS, Esfahan University, Esfahan, IranJournal Article20250507Riverine systems are of significant morphological importance due to their key role in the management and protection of floodplains. This study aims to evaluate the morphological changes and management of the Kal-e Shur River in Sabzevar using the Rasgen classification system. Initially, morphometric parameters were calculated using HEC-RAS software, and 419 cross-sections across 40 river reaches were extracted from satellite imagery. Sediment samples were collected from the riverbed to characterize the local sediment types. Nineteen geomorphological parameters were analyzed, and the most influential factors controlling river type were identified using the Information Gain Ratio (IGR) index. Results indicated that land use, precipitation, elevation, soil type, drainage density, vegetation cover index (NDVI), lithology, topographic slope, distance from the channel, topographic wetness index (TWI), and sediment transport index (STI) exerted the greatest influence. Segments classified as type D, with gentle slopes and sandy beds, exhibited poor conditions regarding sediment supply and erosion, although vegetation cover in these areas remained relatively preserved. Type C reaches were characterized by significant channel incision and high potential for erosion and flooding. In type B rivers, changes in flow patterns and sediment input contributed to channel instability. Conversely, type A, E, and G segments showed stable beds, lower sensitivity to turbulence, and better-preserved vegetation cover. These findings demonstrate that the Rasgen classification aligns well with geomorphological and morphometric factors, supporting its application in river management, restoration, and the mitigation of erosion, sedimentation, and flood hazards.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106121_4600b623effb4c8752c2d131b3d31445.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Applicability of Different Ensemble Techniques in Enhancing Water Requirement Simulations708810614110.48308/set.2025.240361.1130ENAhmadJafarzadehDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran0000-0003-4761-7940AbbasKhashei-SiukiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran & Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranAliShahidiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranJournal Article20250609Securing accurate insights into crop water requirements is crucial, particularly in arid regions and for key strategic crops. This study presents a novel applied methodology to evaluate the efficacy of ensemble modeling in determining the Saffron Water Requirement (SWR). The research aims to generate more reliable insights and enhance the accuracy of water requirement estimations for saffron, a vital crop in eastern Iran. The proposed plan includes establishing a rigorous testing process to evaluate the efficiency of various ensemble methods. Three significant ensemble classes— Ensemble Learning Machine (ELM), combination, and averaging techniques — were addressed to produce the new prediction of SWR. As such, a Decision Tree Regression (DTR) tool and six different experimental methods, serving as base models, were initially applied. The effectiveness of various ensemble methods was evaluated using statistical and qualitative tests. This plan included time series comparisons, key diagnostic indices such as RMSE and NSE, Absolute Error Decomposition (AED) analysis, and the Rate of Improvement (ROI). Results showed that applied ensemble systems are not only of high quality but also capable of presenting a skillful prediction of SWR compared to base models. Results revealed that the boosting procedure had a beneficial effect on DTR simulations, increasing them by more than 74 percent. Additionally, combining methods could enhance the base prediction by more than 75%.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106141_02e167737947f129ee27a2220cd430aa.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption of Phenanthrene and Pyrene from Oil-Contaminated Soil: Modeling of Removal Using Response Surface Methodology899610615110.48308/set.2025.239348.1116ENKamranRezaieSchool of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAbbasAkbarzadehWater Research Institute, Ministry of Energy Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8942-6881MohsenArbabiSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IranHamidKardan MoghaddamWater Research Institute, Ministry of Energy Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4018-4388Journal Article20250405Petroleum hydrocarbons are toxic to humans and other organisms, and some are carcinogenic. Various remediation techniques have been developed to address this issue sustainably, including thermal methods. Low-temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) is a treatment technology that offers an environmentally sustainable approach to removing contaminants from solid media by volatilizing them with heat but without combustion of the media. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficiency of LTTD to remove phenanthrene and pyrene, and their mixture from contaminated soils. The soil samples were contaminated with these compounds at three concentration levels, including 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg kg-1 at different temperatures (i.e., 100, 200, and 300 oC) and retention times (i.e., 30, 60, and 90 min). The compounds were extracted using an ultrasonic bath and analyzed with HPLC. Analysis of the findings obtained by the Taguchi method indicated that increased concentration, temperature, and retention time led to a higher efficiency in removing the compounds from contaminated soils. The results indicate that increasing temperature, retention time, and contaminant concentration positively influence removal efficiency, with the highest desorption rates reaching over 88%. These findings suggest that LTTD is a promising solution for addressing soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons, offering an efficient and eco-friendly approach for remediation. Therefore, LTTD could be a highly effective and sustainable solution for removing pollutants from contaminated soil, as well as in severe contamination.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106151_f9e713995d8120169c886f6d7d14a50b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Geosystem–Ecosystem Interactions and Land Use Dynamics in Western Tehran: A Fuzzy Logic–Based Geospatial Assessment9710910617610.48308/set.2025.240491.1134ENPouyaSadeghi-FarshbafDepartment of Natural Heritage, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT), Tehran, Iran0009-0006-0093-6476Journal Article20250628The accelerated urban growth of Tehran has introduced significant modifications to its underlying geosystems, with cascading effects on ecological patterns and land use dynamics. This research investigated the dynamic relationship between Tehran’s geological evolution and its ecological conditions, focusing on how geosystems influenced the ecological dynamics of western Tehran, particularly regarding land use patterns. The novelty of this work lies in integrating geosystem variables (lithology [L], river proximity [R], and fault distribution [F]) into a fuzzy logic–based a land use (LU) change index, empirically validated through a network of control points. The research was conducted in the foothills of the Alborz Mountains and along the Vardij River. Data collection involved geological mapping, remote sensing, and field studies. The findings emphasized the critical role of geosystems in shaping ecosystems, revealing that significant land use changes occurred within a susceptible LU index range of 4.02 to 4.90, contrary to the belief that high LU indexes predominantly drive urban development. This transformation was influenced by the rugged topography and the optimization and vulnerability of the studied variables, highlighting the need for effective environmental management and conservation strategies in the face of increasing urbanization pressures. Ultimately, this study underscored that understanding the relationships between geosystems and ecosystems was essential for preserving the ecological integrity of western Tehran. By integrating geological factors into land use planning, stakeholders could better manage natural resources and protect the region's ecological heritage.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106176_f57179858e6abc62a2561367ff919c93.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Comparative Assessment of Growth Parameters in Two Local Wheat Cultivars (Bhouth 22 and IBA 99) Under Water Stress Conditions in Basrah, Iraq11011710580810.48308/set.2025.239425.1117ENMajidHameedi AboodaDepartment of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranAli AkbarMaghsoudi MoodDepartment of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0003-2731-9057GhasemMohammadinejadDepartment of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranMohsinAbdulhay DesherDepartment of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, IraqJournal Article20250410Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital global food source, increasingly threatened by climate change, particularly drought conditions that adversely affect key growth parameters, including plant height, branch number, and grain weight. This study aims to assess the growth performance of two local wheat cultivars, Bhouth 22 and IBA 99, under drought stress conditions in Basrah, Iraq. Conducted over an area of 0.25 hectares, the research evaluates key metrics including plant count, branch and leaf numbers, and weight of 1000 grains. Results indicate that IBA 99 exhibits a higher yield per hectare, averaging 4.21 tons under 3-day irrigation compared to 4.09 tons under 6-day irrigation. In contrast, Bhouth 22 shows an average production of 5.21 tons under 6-day irrigation, demonstrating its potential for higher productivity in specific conditions. The weight of 1000 grains for IBA 99 averaged 51.02 grams under 3-day irrigation, while Bhouth 22 averaged 52.91 grams under 6-day irrigation, indicating superior grain quality. Statistical analysis reveals significant differences in growth responses, particularly in grain weight and production metrics, with P-values below 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Additionally, drought conditions resulted in decreased tillering and leaf area, which negatively impacted photosynthetic capacity and overall growth. The findings underscore the importance of developing drought-resistant wheat varieties to enhance agricultural resilience and ensure food security amid escalating climate challenges. This research contributes valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at improving wheat productivity in water-limited environments, essential for sustaining global food supplies.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_105808_5f9fb170811d8e55bc9aa2abee3e4876.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Environmental Impact Assessment of the Paper Recycling Process using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach: A Case Study of Persia Golestan Paper Factory11812910582010.48308/set.2025.240282.1128ENShaghayeghEbrahimiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, IranSeyedhamedMirkarimiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran0000-0002-2510-8320SepidehSaeidiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, IranFatemehHashemiDepartment of Agroecology, Agricultural Systems and Sustainability, Arhus University in Arhus City, DenmarkJournal Article20250603This research conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Top White Liner paper produced by Persia Golestan Paper Factory, utilizing SimaPro software and the ReCiPe method to assess its environmental effects. The functional unit for this assessment was 1 ton of Top White Liner paper. Notably, this marks the first application of this method to assess the effects of paper production in Iran. Findings indicate that calcium carbonate is the primary contributor to adverse environmental impacts, including global warming, particulate matter formation, acidification, ecosystem toxicity, and resource depletion. Furthermore, Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) and sodium hypochlorite significantly influence ozone depletion, marine eutrophication, and water consumption. Prioritizing human health and ecosystem quality, the overall environmental score for the product was determined to be -19.8 Pt, signifying a net environmental benefit. A comparative analysis with similar recycled paper products from global SimaPro databases reveals that while Top White Liner demonstrates superior performance in critical categories such as global warming and particulate matter formation, further optimization is required in toxicity, eutrophication, and resource depletion. These findings underscore the imperative of integrating recycled materials and implementing process improvements to mitigate the environmental footprint of paper production. This study exemplifies the utility of integrated LCA methodologies in guiding sustainable production practices and informing policy development within the paper industry, thereby contributing to broader sustainable development goals.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_105820_3ed3287eb3a47bbf2e1d00ae3c45ec22.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Scanning Electron Microscopy of Pirozeh (Turquoise)-group minerals of Nishapur and Baghu (Damghan), Iran13014010622110.48308/set.2025.241031.1151ENMohammadYazdiDepartment of Geology of Mineral and Water Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7948-0478MasoudOvissiDepartment of Geology of Mineral and Water Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMansourGhorbaniDepartment of Geology of Mineral and Water Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250831Pirozeh (turquoise) is a supergene mineral that forms from meteoric water along fractures which is associated with copper deposits. Although the Persian Pirozeh (turquoise) has been mined since at least the first millennium BCE, it is not a well-known gemstone for geologists. The aim of this paper is about mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Pirozeh (turquoise) samples of Baghu (Damghan) and Nishapur areas of Iran by using of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The samples are also analyzed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for measuring the major element concentrations of Pirozeh (turquoise) group minerals as well as other mineral phases accompanying them. The results show that the origin of the Pirozeh (turquoise) samples from these areas can be determined by scanning electron microscopy due to their different mineral assemblages and textures. The EDS results suggest that by increasing the Cu content of Pirozeh (turquoise) group minerals their colors move to deeper blue while in contrast green Pirozeh (turquoise) minerals are of notable concentration of Fe. the data propose that the Cu and Fe concentrations of Pirozeh (turquoise) group minerals are not the only factors affecting the color of this gemstone. The geochemistry of Nishapur Pirozeh (turquoise) is defined by high Cu, high Al, and very low Fe/Zn. This results in its celebrated stable blue color. But the Baghu Pirozeh (turquoise) is geochemically distinct due to its higher Fe content. This acts the color from pure blue into the green-blue and green spectrum.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106221_d6f6c883f237e2e2f2f418b0fa686134.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Trends3060-62256320260701Impacts of Climate Change on Selected Agricultural Crops in Tehran City Region14115810622910.48308/set.2025.239759.1119ENHassan MohammadianMosammamDepartment of Urban
Planning and Design, Art University of Isfahan, Iran& Member of Center for Regional/Spatial Researches, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0465-0951Ali MohammadianMosammamDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranJournal Article20250502This paper addresses the literature gap in analyzing the impacts of climate change on peri-urban agriculture, with a focus on the Tehran city region, a critical agricultural hub in Iran that is vulnerable to climate variability. The objective was to quantify the impacts of climate change on the yields of key crops—wheat, barley, apples, walnuts, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, cotton, and alfalfa—using quantile regression models (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) to capture heterogeneous yield responses. The models, applied to crop yield records from 1994 to 2014 and climatic data from five synoptic stations, are robust to outliers and estimate conditional quantiles of yield distributions. Impacts were projected for three time slices (2030s, 2060s, and 2080s) under IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Results reveal that climate variability has a significant but non-monotonic impact on major crop yields. The highest positive and negative impacts are on walnuts and apples, respectively. These results have many implications for planners and other stakeholders involved in peri-urban agriculture and can provide important insights for place-specific adaptation and mitigation measures. Several adaptation strategies can be implemented to mitigate negative impacts and capitalize on potential benefits, including modifications to crop cultivars and planting schedules, the development of institutional frameworks and infrastructure to address water scarcity and enhance food security, and the education of farmers on climate-related challenges and the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies.https://sustainearth.sbu.ac.ir/article_106229_7492f6683701b52f16d67a63756724e6.pdf