Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201The effect of geological formations on the quality and quantity of groundwater (case study: Imamzadeh Jafar Gachsaran plain)169899210.48308/sustainearth.2021.98992ENMohammadtaghi AvandDepartment of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7196-5051Mohammadr Reza EkhtesasiDepartment of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, IranJournal Article20190915Groundwater has a fundamental role and is a key factor in economic development and environmental protection in our country. In recent years, due to drought-induced rainfall, the extraction of groundwater has increased at a widespread level that could have environmental and geological hazards. Imamzadeh Jafar plain with an area of more than 60 km2 located in the northeast of Gachsaran city has a very good and prone position for agriculture. Abundant use and abandonment of the aquifer by more than 40 wells has led to the criticality of water resources and the loss of static levels, especially during the droughts in this plain. Boolean logic has been used to investigate the impact of watershed geological formations on the quantity and quality of wells. In this study, in order to investigate the spatial relationship between these wells and existing geological formations in the studied watershed, 4 buffers with distances of 1, 3, 5 and 10 km were created around each well. The results of these buffers showed that at 1, 3, and 5 km distances, Quaternary formations (Qft) with an area of 80.82, 47.13, and 35.19 percent had the greatest impact on the water quality of the wells, respectively, while at a distance of 10 km. The impact of the Fars Group formations, especially the Gachsaran Formation (Mgs), had the greatest impact on the water quality with an area of 26.92%.Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201Toward mapping potential groundwater recharge zones across Viti Levu and Vanua Levu (Fiji islands)7199900110.48308/sustainearth.2021.99001ENVilimone Koiroko RaqonaNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New ZealandShailesh Kumar SinghNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand0000-0002-3521-3917Ude ShankarNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New ZealandJournal Article20191104Water access in Fiji is a critical issue as not everyone can access reticulated water sources which poses heavy dependence on groundwater sources. Along with its various uses, groundwater sources have been left vulnerable to contamination and depletion over the years due to changes in climatic patterns and human influence. Traditional hydrometric groundwater survey is performed monthly to help determine recharge potential areas in Fiji but doesn’t cover all the water sources nor considers all the factors contributing to groundwater recharge. GIS, presents a contemporary approach to identify potential recharge areas which has been used in this study. In this study, the Multi Influencing Factor technique was used to determine the weightage of the factors aspect, slope, soil drainage, drainage density, parent materials and rainfall which are believed to have potentially contribute to groundwater recharge. The basic GIS tools of overlaying and reclassification was used to denote the relationships between the factors and groundwater recharge and the potential groundwater recharges areas for Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Results have shown that higher potential areas are mostly areas with lower altitudes such as plains, wet areas (windward side), water bodies, excessively drained soils and parent materials with high exposure to weathering. Low ground water recharge potential areas are mostly mountainous, poorly drained soils, dense vegetation and poorly permeable bedrocks. These information is compared against existing boreholes and findings are to assist the government to invest more in those areas that have high recharge areas.Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201Evaluation the efficiency of different mulches to combat wind erosion of sandy soil running title: Efficiency of different mulches to control wind erosion20269899410.48308/sustainearth.2021.98994ENHojat EmamiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-8437-8419Alireza KarimiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMonireh MinaDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20191223This study was conducted to determine the most suitable mulch regard to environmental adaptation. It was carried out as a completely randomized design with treatments including cement mulch (50 g cement +100 g sand +1000 ml H2O), two rates of polymer (5 and 10 g polyvinyl acetate + 1000 ml H2O), two rates clay mulches (100 and 200 g zeolite + 1000 ml H2O, 100 and 200 g bentonite + 1000 ml H2O), and control (1000ml H2O). After applying the treatments, trays containing moving sands together with different mulches air dried and the rate of soil erosion was measured during 20, 40 and 60 minutes by wind tunnel at a speed of 85 km h-1. In addition, the penetration resistance, the abrasion resistance, crust thickness, and the impact strength were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of this study showed that the applied treatments increased the penetration resistance, crust thickness, impact strength, and abrasion resistance and reduced the wind erosion; so that 10g of polymer mulch and 200 g bentonite have the highest resistance against wind erosion and are recommended as suitable treatments for stabilization the moving sands in arid lands such as studied area.Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201Chaotic nature of river flow time series: upstream to downstream27349899710.48308/sustainearth.2021.98997ENLeila MalekaniFaculty of Technical and Engineering of Marand, Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-6154-1316Mohammad Ali GhorbaniFaculty of Agriculture, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranHakan TongalFaculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, TurkeyHabibeh AbbasiFaculty of Technical and Engineering of Marand, Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20200112Study the dynamics of runoff in the watershed and how influence of the morphological characteristics is very important in solving water engineering problems. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the runoff of the four basins located in the Iran, on basin in Turkey and two basins located in United States using chaos theory is studied. There is several stream gauge station in all selected basin. For all basin time series of runoff extraction and then chaotic parameters are calculated. The delay time is determined using the mutual information method, the embedding dimension and correlation dimension is estimated using the false nearest neighbor algorithm and D2 algorithm, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that the correlation dimension has increased from upstream to downstream which constitutes the increasing complexity and number of required variables for modeling. Delay times and embedding dimension do not have relationship with position of the station and values are fairly similar to each other. It is clear that we need more studies to reach a general conclusion on this point.Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201Land use changes and restraining environmental risks via mitigation approach, the case of Darakeh-Velenjak watershed in Iran35499899510.48308/sustainearth.2021.98995ENHassan EsmaeilzadehDepartment of Environmental planning and design, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Research Institute (ESRI), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9956-3676Mohsen EhteshamiDepartment of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum,Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9902-7945Journal Article20200101Widespread land use changes and unusual uses of highlands in Northern Tehran (Darakeh-Velenjak Watershed) have markedly caused to pose environmental risks and unsustainability. This research aims to study land use changes in Darakeh-Velenjak Watershed, to identify the key risks which can be posed by land use changes, and to present appropriate strategies using mitigation approach. To study land uses changes, satellite images were used (TM 1987, ETM+ 2000, and IRS 2018) and assessed by concentrating on four classes of land including vegetation, arid, roads and built-up areas. To extract the necessary information from the satellite images, Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm was used, further complemented by visual interpretation methods. The sample population for conducting the Delphi technique consisted of 34 experts. The results of this research exhibited that from 1987 to 2018, vegetation had dramatically decreased, while arid, roads and built-up areas had increased. The results also revealed that in 1987, around 37.3% of the study area was covered with vegetation while in 2018, less than 14.54% of the area was covered with vegetation. In contrast, built-up, roads and arid areas which respectively covered 8.96%, 1.75%, and 51.99%, increased to 15.18%, 3.19% and 67.08% in 2018. In addition, the results of this study illustrated that key risks of land use changes in the Darakeh-Velenjak Watershed could be divided into natural and human risks. The human risks with an average score of 4.21 were more than natural risks. Finally, strategies have been presented using mitigation approach in the study area. Results revealed that avoidance strategies with an average score of 3.37 were situated in the first rank because unfortunately this watershed has been damaged by excessive land use changes in an aspect of developing buildings, roads, tourism infrastructures and etc. Shahid Beheshti UniversitySustainable Earth Review2717-17011120210201Civil society, social authority and consciousness: the subject for urban regeneration50549899910.48308/sustainearth.2021.98999ENZohreh FanniDepartment of Human Geography and Logistics, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8282-4887Journal Article20200121Today, cities in the world are facing a range of related economic, social and environmental issues and problems. The reason of axial study on the subject of urban regeneration policy by urban researchers and planners in the world is that this program will be unifying and integrating all economic, cultural, social, environmental and physical aspects in urban structure. Urban public spaces and civil society are the mirror of social power, intelligence and development of their people as much as they can make strong social cohesion, health and welfare of the citizens. These spaces bring about human activities' integrity, solidarity of spatial organization of city and social capital production. The main questions of this study are: What is the relationship between civil authority, consciousness and urban regeneration? What factors influence on lack of public authority in the urban regeneration? The results of this study show that process of urban regeneration would be effective stimulus if the city has been built and operated basis on the human reason, consciousness and authority in public realms as civil society. In this case, the city can also be effective to restore and strengthen its neighborhoods. One of the main characteristics of Iranian urban spaces is existence of unfair approach which has caused to descend access of all people to the facilities and equipment of life and activity.