Evaluating the Geochemistry of Brine Springs in the Northern Khorram Abad, Iran

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, Iran

Abstract

For the first time evaluation of the geochemistry of brine springs located in northern Khorram Abad, northern High Zagros zone, was conducted in this study. The springs emerge in carbonate and marl successions of the Lower Miocene Gachsaran Formation, the most important cap rock of oil reservoirs in the Zagros basin, and the carbonate of the middle Cretaceous deposits. A total of 24 samples were taken for XRD analysis, 15 for XRF analysis, and 30 samples for ICP-OES analysis. The results of chemical analysis show that halite is the most important mineral in evaporate deposits, while gypsum, quartz, anhydrite, cristobalite, and dolomite were present at minor levels. Various geochemical evidences such as lower ratio than 1Na/Cl is less than 1 in the brine springs, and the concentration of trace elements B, Na, Cl, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cs, the indicating their deep-basin origin. These springs have found their way to the earth's surface along the faults in the form of fault springs through the lower (Jurassic) evaporite deposits.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Aoudah, H.S., Al-Zaidy, A.A.H., Al-Tarim, H.A.F. & Al-Taha, N.A. S., 2024. Basin Evolution and Tectonostratigraphy of the Late Jurassic Succession, Southern Iraq. Iraqi Geological Journal, 57, 158-171.
Adabi, M.H. & Rao, C.P., 1991. Petrographic and geochemical evidence for original aragonitic mineralogy of Upper Jurassic carbonates (Mozduran Formation), Sarakhs area, Iran. Sedomentalogy Geology, 72, 253–267.
Bahroudi, A. & Koyi, H.A., 2004. Tectono-Sedimentary framework of the Gachsaran Formation in the Zagros foreland basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 1295–1310
Boschetti, T., Manzi, V. & Toscani, L., 2013. Messinian Ca–Cl Brines from Mediterranean Basins: Tracing Diagenetic Effects by Ca/Mg Versus Ca/Sr Diagram. Aquatic Geochemistry, 19, 195- 208.
Chitsazan, M., Shacheri, S., Mirzaei, S.Y. &   Aboudi, S.T., 2018. Determining of the salinity sources in Garu springs and Asmari Anticline by using hydrochemical parameters. Iran-water Resources, 13, 196- 202.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham, W.E. (Ed.) Classification of Carbonate
Rocks. (pp. 108–121). American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
Brennan, S.T., Lowenstein, T.K. & Horita, J., 2004. Seawater chemistry and the advent of biocalcification. Geology, 32, 473–476.
Heydari, E., 2008. Tectonics versus eustatic control on supersequences of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Tectonophysics, 451, 56-70.
Kalantari, N., Mohammadi-Behzad, H.R., Charchi, A. & Nadri, A., 2016. Etermination of the main factors controlling chemistryof Bibitalkhone karst spring, Southwest Iran. Carbonates Evaporites, 31, 449–460.
 Khadivi, S., Mouthereau, F., Barbarand, J., Adatte, T. & Lacombe, O., 2012. Constraints on palaeodrainage evolution induced by uplift and exhumation on the southern flank of the Zagros – Iranian Plateau. Journal of the Geological Society, 169, 83–97.
Li Vigni, L., Daskalopoulou, K., Calabrese, S., Kyriakopoulos, K., Bellomo, S., Brusca, L., Brugnone, F. & D’Alessandro, W., 2023, Characterization of trace elements in thermal and mineral waters of Greece, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 78376–78393.
Mirzaei, S.Y., Zarasvandi, A. & Ourang, M., 2016. Geochemical effects of Asmari oil reservoirs on the karstic water resources of Masjed-Soleyman. Advanced Applied Geology, 18, 1-14.
Moradi, S., Kalantari., N. & Moradinejad, T., 2023. Investigating the impact of the crushing high Zagros on the flow regime of its representative springs, case study: Yasouj basin.  Journal of Aqifer and Qanat, 1(6), 103-116.
Onwuka, O.S., Umar, N.D., Omonona, O.V. & Idris, I.G., 2019. Heavy metals and rare earth elements distribution in the brine fields of awe, keana and giza, central benue trough, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 157, 103514.
Panagopoulos, R., 2022. Brine management (saline water & wastewater effluents): Sustainable utilization and resource recovery strategy through Minimal and Zero Liquid Discharge (MLD & ZLD) desalination systems. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 176, 108944.
Raeisi, E. & Kowsar, N. 1997. Development of Shapour Cave, Southern Iran. Cave and Karst Science, 24(1), 27–34.
Rezaei, M., Sanz, E., Raeisi, E., Ayora, C., Vázquez-Suñé, E. & Carrera, J., 2005. Reactive transport modeling of calcite dissolution in the fresh-salt water mixing zone.  Journal of Hydrology, 311(1–4), 282–298.
Rezaei, M., Zarasvandi, A., Azdari, A. &. Heidari, M., 2019. Geochemistry of heavy metals in brine springs of Khouzestan province: Tracing of pollution potential of water resources and Persian Gulf. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18, 75-87.
Rezaei, M., Zarasvandi, A., Azhdari, A., Mousavi, S.S., Heidari, M. & Azizi, N., 2021. Assessment of geological source and geochemical dispersion of heavy metals in the sediments of brine springs in the Khouzestan Province. Advanced Applied Geology, 11 (2), 349-364.
Richter, B.C.  & Kreitler, C.W., 1986. Geochemistry of salt-spring and shallow subsurface brines in the Rolling Plains of Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations no. 155, 47 p.
Roozpeykar, A., Maghfouri Moghaddam,I., Yazdi, M. & Yousefi Yeghaneh, B., 2019. Facies and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Early–Middle Miocene deposits in the north-west of the Zagros Basin, Iran. Geologica Carpathia, 70(1), 75–87.
Sharland, P.R., Archer, R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Hall, S., Heward, A., Horbury, A. & Simmons, M.D., 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia special publication, 2. Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain, 387 p.
Sembroni, A., Reitano, A.C. & Callieri, P., 2024. The geologic confguration of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt: an overview. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 6, 61–86.
Steinmetz, R.L.L., Salvi, S., García, M.G., Arnold, Y.P., Béziat, D. Franco, G., Constantini, O. Francisco, E., Córdoba, F.E. & Caff, E., 2018. Northern Puna plateau-scale survey of Li brine-type deposits in the Andes of NW Argentina J. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 190, 26-38.
Todd, D.K., 1980. Ground Water Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons. 636 p.
Usdowski, H.E., 1967. The formation of dolomite in sediments. In: Müller, G. & Friedman, G. M (Eds.), Recent Developments in Carbonate Sedimentology in Central Europe, 21- 32. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Warren, J. K., 2006. Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons.Springer Verlag, Berlin.1036 p.
Zarei, M., Raeisi, E., Merkel B. J. & Kummer N. A., 2013. Identifying sources of salinization using hydrochemical and isotopic techniques, Konarsiah, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 70, 587-604.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics