Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Urban Heat Islands in Shiraz Using MODIS/GIS and Providing Urban Planning Solutions

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

2 Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Shiraz, recognized as the cultural capital of Iran, has increasingly faced the Surface Heat Island Urban (SHIU) phenomenon due to rapid urbanization and population growth. This study examines SHIU effects in Shiraz by analyzing Land Surface Temperature (LST) derived from MODIS satellite imagery (MOD11A2 and MCD12Q1 products) from 2000 to 2024, using GIS techniques to assess spatial thermal patterns and urban microclimate dynamics. The LinearFit function was applied to evaluate temporal trends in SHIU, while spatial variables—including building density, land cover, green space ratio, public green areas, population metrics, and construction activity—were analyzed across 11 urban zones. Findings revealed that daytime SHIU cores reached up to 32°C in the south, west, and parts of the north, while nighttime cores (13–14°C) expanded toward central and historic districts (Zone 8). The most significant nighttime LST increase (2–3°C) occurred in the northern and western zones (1, 4, 6, and 10), and to a lesser extent in the south (Zone 7), where substantial land cover changes and urban development were observed. These results underscore the critical need for climate-sensitive urban planning strategies. Integrating green infrastructure, regulating building density, and preserving open spaces can help mitigate SHIU effects and enhance urban resilience. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers, urban designers, and planners to promote sustainable development and improve thermal comfort in rapidly growing cities like Shiraz.

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Main Subjects

Sustainable Earth Trends

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 11 October 2025

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